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He Aha ngā Kōpaki Tārua Korokoro?
Te Whakapae me te Mahi Matua
Ko ngā kōngā tārore e rite ana ki ngā pouaka rino nui i hangaia kia wātea ai i ngā mōhiotia pērā i ngā taupua whakakaha me ngā turuturu hei wātea i te haumaru. Kei te mahi ēnei kōngā hei ārai i waenganui i ngā mea kei roto me te ao hurihuri, e pupuri ana i ngā taumaha kia pūmau kia kaua e rere atu te mea ki te taiao. Ko ngā umanga e mahi ana ki ngā huinga ā-pāpaku e hanga tātou i ēnei me ngā wā katoa nā te hiahia ki ngā ara tūturu hei wātea i ngā mea e āhua whara ana ki te tangata mēnā ka whakahaerehia kaua. Ko te take tino matua o tā rātou hanga motuhake ko te haumaru, ka tūpato kia mau tonu ai ngā mea whakakaha i te wā e neke ana me te whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga o ngā hinga hauā e pā atu ana ki te huarahi tūmatanui, ki ngā wāhi rānei o ngā kōngā.
Ngā Matū me ngā Taurangi Whakatū
Ko ngā kōngā tāpahi kaupapa hāngai ki te whakauru i ngā tāonga e aki ai te kōhatu, pērā i te miriro toa, te miriro mā, te miriro rānei e āhua tino whiti ana, e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā kikorangi whakapōhara kaua ko te pakaru. Me āki ai ngā tāonga whakamahia i ngā tātai tāone tino whiti, ina hiahiatia ana te roa o te wā e mau ai, me te āhua o te haumaru, e ārau ai ngā tikanga a ASTM me ASME. Ko ngā rangahau e āhua ana ki te Pukapuka o ngā Kikorangi Whakapōhara e whakaatu ana i te nuinga o te take i te whiriwhiri i ngā tāonga tika hei aki i te whara i te wā e neke haere ana ngā kikorangi whai raru ki ngā wāhi rerekē. Ina mātua whai ngā tikanga ēnei e ngā kaihanga, ka tūturu ake ngā kōngā ki te aki i ngā tikanga whakapōhara e hiahiatia ana kia neke ai ngā kikorangi kaupapa hāngai ki te haumaru.
Tauaro ki ngā Waka Kawe Ngenge me ngā Waka Kawe Pūwai
Ko ngā kōngātana tāka mō ngā kai whakakaha e wehe ana i ngā kōngātana tāka noa ranei kaipātia rānei i te kaha ki te neke i ngā mea e kai ai. E rua e taraiwa ana i ngā taonga whai raru, engari ko ngā kōngātana kai whakakaha he āhua atu ki te whakauru i ngā ārai kaha ake. Whai mōhio ki ngā kauwhiti pai ake, ngā taumahu motuhake ki roto, me ngā vālv whakawātea pēhi e popa ana ina hiahiatia. Kāore ēnei whakarerekētanga i te mea nui noa, he mea nui i runga i te mea kei roto. Ko ngā tikanga mō ēnei kōngātana he tino whakapāhunu hoki, mai i te kōrero ana mātou kei te pāngia i ngā kai e āwhinangia ai te raru mēnā ka rere. Kāore ngā kōngātana kai pātia e āhua rite te āhua o te arotake i te kaha, mai i te hauanganu te ranei he kai pāpaku ake i ngā tāpoi me ngā taiao e noho ana.
Ngā Whakahanga Hanganga Mō te Kawa Haumaru
Whakatūtau Tau Matū Whakauru
Ko te mātāpuna kāore i te pāngia e te whakapaihanga ina te kaha ki te kōnui i ngā kōwhai tōnui mō ngā kōwhai tōnui e mōhiotia ana i te wā e neke ana i ngā kai whakapai kaha. E rua ngā take nui ka tū tonu tēnei mātāpuna. Tuatahi, ka tiaki i te roto o ngā kōwhai kia kaua e pāngia e te whakapaihanga i te wā. Tuarua, kei te roa te ora o ēnei kōwhai i mua i te hiahia ki te whakakapi, ka iti ake ngā utu tiaki i te roanga o te wā. Kua whakakīia e ngā tāwhai a te mātāpuna he kaha ki te whakahaere i te katoa mai i ngā hononga ki ngā alkalis kaua ko te kore he pakaru, kia noho haumaru tonu ai ngā kai i roto i ngā tikanga kaha. Mō tētahi e maneke ana ki ngā kai whakapai, ko tēnei momo tiaki he mea nui rawa. Mēnā kāore he mātāpuna tika, ka whakapai ngā kōwhai i te wā ka pāngia pea ngā rāwekenga kaiwhakamahi me te whakapai i ngā taputapu e noho ana i te tata.
Te Whakauru me ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Waimā
He pai te whakamahi i te whakamāmātanga me te tautohe tika i te ākau e whakapūmau ai i ngā kōtaha e neke ana, ā, he tino nui tēnei mō ngā mea e pāngia ana e ngā panoni o te ākau. Ina kōrero ana mō ngā kōtaha whakamāwekia kei roto i ngā kōpaka pūrua, he mea matua te whakahaere ākau tūturu kia kaua ko te noho pāpaku noa iho. Hei te nuinga o ngā tari whakahaere i ngā whenua rereke ka whakaaetia ēnei āhuatanga haumaru hei wāhanga o ngā tikanga mahi tūmatanui. He whakaaetanga e mārama ana tēnei i te nuinga o te nui o ngā ngaru mō te taiao ka taea e tētahi kaupapa hē kia pā ki te wā e neke ai. Ko te ā reason, ka whakawātea ngā kaihanga tino maha o ngā wā kia rite te hoahoa i ngā kōpaka hui tāpoi kia haumaru hoki, kia rite hoki ki ana tikanga tātai mai i te rā tuatahi.
Ngā Pū mahi Wehewehe Pāpori me ngā Paihere Kauwhitu
Ko ngā vālvu whakawātea toto he mea matua herekau hei stop i ngā tāpanga kia kaua e nui ake te toto, e kaha ai ngā hinganga ririhau, me te whāwhā noa. Me whai tāpanga tāutanga teka ngā kaitirotiro kia kaua e puta mai te katoa i te wā e neke ana rātou i ngā ara whenua, ara moana rānei. Ka tūhono ngā ripoata a te tāone i te mea he nui ake ngā tāpanga e pakaru ana i te mea he iti noa ngā tāpanga. Ko te āhua nei ka nui ake te arotake tōtika, te whakahaere tika hoki. Ina tika ngā kaihanga i ēnei āhuatanga e rua, ka taea e rātou te neke i ngā kikorangi hauā kaua ko ngā pakaru e hinga ai te wai, e whakaputua ai te wai. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tāone e kōrero ana ki a mātou, ko te whakauru i te hangarau tāutanga pai ake e utu tere ana i ngā utu inihua, i ngā take ture hoki i ngā tau kei te heke mai.
Ngā Whakamahi i roto i te Rorohiko Matū
Ngā Awa Pūtaiao me ngā Waihanga
Ko ngā kōngā tāpoka i hangaia mō ngā taraweti e āhua whakapāhunu ana he mea matua nui ina neke haere ana i ngā wai āhua kaha me ngā kaiwhakaputua, ā, ko te whakapōkai i ngā rūpahu e āhua nui ana mai i ēnei taraweti. Whai muri i te tukutuku o ngā kaihoko matū, āwhina ēnei kōngā motuhake i te katoa mai i ngā mahi whakaputa ki te kawenga i ngā hua ki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana. Ina kai tōtika te whakamahinga, he iti noa ngā rūpahu ka puta mai i ēnei kōngā ā he maha ngā pukapuka rangahau i whakaatu mai i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei. Mō tētahi e mane ana ki te neke haerea i ngā taraweti pāwhara pērā i te wai parakihi, te wai nitric, kāore ēnei kōngā i te noho anake hei whai hua engari he mea hirangi kia noho haumaru ngā kaimahi me te whakamau ake i te aratohu tūmatanui i te tukanga katoa o te whakamahinga i ngā taraweti whakapāhunu o te Kāwenga 8.
Poro rūma i ngā kāwai kōwhai rūma
Ko ngā kōngā tārore e rite ki te wāhi noho hou mō ngā rautaki tāpoi hinu, ā, he tino whakamahia ina hāngai ana ki ngā kōrero e āhua rite ana ki te mea e kawe ana a ngā waka hinu. Kua hangaia kia rere tika ana i roto i te whakawhanaketanga o ngā waka kawe wātea, ā, he tino āwhina ake tēnei momo kōngā ki te nuku i ngā mōuna haurangi puta noa i te tāpoi hinu me te rāwekenga. I te ripoata a te American Petroleum Institute kua nui ake te hiahia ki ēnei kōngā ritenga mō ngā rautaki tāpoi hinu i ngā wā waenganui nei. Kei te hiahia ngā kamupene ki ngā ara haumaru ake kia kawea ai ā rātou hua mai i te takotoranga A ki te B kia kaua e whakarupeke i te tere, i te utu rānei o ō rātou whakawhanaketanga waka hinu. Ko ngā whakapāhunu haumaru tētahi ko ngā hiahia whakahaere e toro ana i te hāparapara i tētahi tere.
Nga Rauware Kāwhakapai Kai (tērā pea, Ngā Pūtake Whakataki)
Ko te neke atu i ngā kai huarangō hoki ngā wai kātata e hiahiatia ana, pērā i ētahi o ngā horoi horoi, e herea ana i ngā taputapu whakahaere motuhake e ū ana ki ngā tikanga hauora kaimārama. Ko ngā kōhanga motuhake huihui ai mō ngā kai huarangō e tino pai ana ki te whakatutuki i tēnei mahi, e whakapono ana i te katoa ki ngā tikanga haumaru kai. Kāore ngā kōhanga nei i te mō ngā kai huarangō hangarau anake, engari he pai hoki ki te neke i ngā hua e pā ana ki te kai. Ina mātua whai ngā kamupene i ēnei ture haumaru, ka tāwhaihia te kaiwhakauru i ngā hua kai i te wā e hokohoko ana. Kaua ko te whai mōhio e whakamarie i te āhua o te kai ka tāwhaihia te hauora o te tangata, a ka tuku i ngā kaihoko kia mōhio ko te tāngata ka tae ki te whare ka tāwhaihia te whakauru i te ara. Ko te whakamahi i ngā kōhanga tika e whakanui ana i te rerekētanga ina tōa te neke tūpato i ēnei taputapu whai mōhio i te tūhononga tukutuku.
Ngā Ture Haumanu me te Whakaaetanga Raraunga
Ngā Whakaaetanga o te IMO me te ISO
Ko te neke i ngā taonga whakamataku me te whai i ngā ture haumaru o te ao. Kua whakatakotoria e te Tari Moana o te Ao (IMO) ngā here whakauru mō ngā kamupene e kawe ana i ēnei taonga ki te ao. I te wā anō, ko ngā tīwae ISO te āhuatanga o ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga me whakamahi ngā kaihanga kōpaka ina hangaia e rātou ngā kōpaka mō ngā kōtiro whakamāwekia. Ko te here ki ēnei ture ao he mea nui kia noho ture ai ngā pakihi, engari he nui ake i te whakakaha i ngā raru. Ko te whai tikanga tika e āwhina ana kia noho haumaru ngā kōpaka motuhake kia tāwhaihia ki ngā tūhononga tukutuku puta noa i te ao, ko tēnei ka nui ake te whakawhitinga o ngā taurhoka puta noa i te ao i ia tau.
Nga Ture ADR/RID mō te Whakatōpuheke me te Rāile
Āwhāia ngā ture whakahaere i ADR me ngā tikanga RID mō te nukunuku haumaru i ngā taonga kino ki runga i ngā huarahi me ngā rerehua puta noa i Ūropi. Ko ēnei aratohu e āki ana i te ara e pack, te tapa tika, me te whakamahinga i ngā pūtau kōhuruhuru i te wā o te kawenga kia haumaru ai te katoa. Ki te titiro ki ngā raraunga kaipōkai e huihui ana ngā kaitiaki waka, he mea tino maamaa: ina whai ngā kamupene i ngā paerewa ADR me RID, he iti ake ngā hinganga e uru mai ana ngā matapae kino. Arānei, ka taea e ngā uta kino te tae atu ki tōna wāhi ka hiahiatia kaua ko ngā kaiarahi, ngā kaipuke, i te wa e hīkoi ana ia i roto i ngā whatunga waka Ūropi.
Whakaititanga ki ngā Ture Whata Pūmau Rīhi
Ina tōa ana ki te mahi tukutuku, me whakauru ngā kōhanga tāneke ki ngā whakaritenga tāpoi inu toa kia pai ai te haere tonu. Ko te tika i tēnei ka whakarewa i te rerekētanga ina neke haere ngā taonga i waenganui i ngā pūnaha waka rereke, pērā i te huri i ngā taonga mai i ngā raihī ki ngā kamupene tuihono ki ngā tāpoi tākarotia. Ko ngā kamupene e whakarite ana i ngā mōhio arotake mō te whakauru kōhanga kāore i te noho tika anake i ngā mea kia pērā, engari i te nuinga o te wā e kitea ai ngā ara hei whakapai ake i te haumaru me te tere o ngā mahi i ēnei nekehanga pīroiroi. Kaua koa ngā tikanga whakahaere e tika ana, he mea noa i te wā kua pērā hoki mō te hunga pakihi e hāngai ana ki te whakapapa haumaru teitei me te neke haere tūhono o te tukutuku tukutuku i runga i ngā pūnaha waka rereke.
Ngā Tikanga Matua mō te Whakahaere me te Tiaki
Ngā Tuhinga Whakamahere mō te Whakapakoko me te Whakaputa Ake i ngā Rangahau
Ko te whakakLoading me te whakangao i ngā kaha e whakakaha ai me ngā tikanga tūturu hei whakapono i te haumaru o te hunga katoa. Ina hinga ngā mea i te wā o ngā whakawhitinga, ka hinga pea ngā putanga ki ngā kaimahi me ngā taputapu. Ko te aronga ki ngā ture haumaru kua whakatakotoria he mea nui rawa. Ko ngā kaimahi e whai whakangungu whaihua ana ka āhua rite ake ki te rite ki te tikanga. Me mōhio ngā tāngata kāore ko ngā kaupapa takitahi anake engari ko te āhua o ngā āhuatanga rerekē e āhua ai i te ao hōu. Ko ngā tikanga a OSHA e whakaatu ana ko te ako ā-hapai e pā ana ki ngā mea whai mōrahi he kawenga, he mea nui mō te tūmatanui kia tū ai te haumaru o te wāhi mahi. Ko te nuinga o ngā wāhi mahi e kitea ana ko te whakauru i te wā kei te āmio kaore ngā pakanga i te mutunga.
Whenuanu me te Whakamahitahi I muri i te whakamahi
Ko te whakamātutu me te whakakore i ngā kōngahu taraiwa kia mutu ai te kōpūtahitanga, kia noho haumaru ai, me te whakamaru i te kounga o te mea ka whakakīia ka tū ake. Me whai i ngā tikanga whakamātutu tūturu e whakarite ana ngā kaihanga me ngā tikanga haumaru ā-rohe. Ina hōuia e ngā kamupene ngā tahataha whakamātutu tika, ka tū ngā raru pono i te wā o te tuku, i ētahi wā hoki he mea whakarupeke. Ko te āhua nei he nui ngā kaiwhakahaere e whai tikanga ana kia pono ai i te kōngahu me te whakamātutu i mua i te whakamahi anō. Kaua ko te mutunga noa atu ki ngā whakaritenga haumaru, engari he pakiaka hoki te whakamātutu tino kia nui ake ai te roa o ēnei kōngahu utu nui i mua i te hiahia ki te whakakapi.
Ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Iwi Mō Te Kape
Ko te whakapai ake i ngā tāpanga e kaha ana ki te whakapai kia tino pai ai ngā tākaro. Me tautohu ngā kaiārahi i ngā āpiti, ngā wāhi e pāwhara ai, i ngā wāhi huna rānei e raru ai pea te rere ai, te pāwhara ai rānei. Ka taea e ēnei raru te whara i ngā tāngata e noho ana i te takiwā, me te whakapīroiroi i ngā rāwekenga o te taiao. Ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene e whai tikanga ana i ētahi aratohu ina tāruatia ana, pērā i ngā aratohu a OSHA, me ngā tikanga a EPA. Ko te NFPA anō te whakaatu i ngā tārua tākaro kia rite ki te ture, ko te mōhio hoki ki te nui o te ārai i ngā raru ki te wāhi mahi. Ina tāruatia ngā tākaro kia rite, he tāngata katoa te oranga. Ka noho haumaru ake ngā kaimahi i te noho ki ngā kohinga, ā, ka aukati hoki ngā hapori i te utu whakapai i muri i ngā hinganga.