Ngā Tarike Hiko Bateri: Te Anamata Kākāriki o te Wiriwiri

Te Hurihanga ki ngā Tiriti Mōhini I te Hiko mō te Kauhanga Pākihi

I te Taraiwa ki te Hiko: Te Hurihanga i ngā Pūnaha Hiko mō ngā Waka Taumaha

Kei te nekeneke te pakihi tāpoi i ngā taraka tarataku ki ngā kōwhiringa hiko, ā, kei te piki ake ngā here herekitanga mō ngā whakaputangia me te whanaketanga tonu o ngā hangarau hiko. Kei te wāhi huarahi tāua i tēnei wā i te tāpoi taumaha. E kī ana ngā kaitātari umanga kāore i te roa mai ka 20% o ngā hoko hua waka hokohoko hou o te ao e hāngai ana ki ngā tauira hiko, ā, kei te mahi kē tā aniania ngā kamupene hororongo kia kore noa ngā rīwa whakaputangia. I te tau whakamutunga anake i kitea te tata ki te 30 mano taraka matotoru i te pūnaha whakawhitinga pūhiko, i rua ake i te tau i mua nei e ai ki ngā raraunga umanga hou. Ka nui te take o tēnei momo hangarau mō ngā whakahaerenga i ngā wāhi pērā i ngā pounamu me ngā takutai e heke marino ana ia meneti ki ngā moni. Kei te noho tonu te hāngai hiko waiwera me ngā kōpae mātātoko koiora hei kōwhiringa, engari kua arataki ngā pūhiko nā te mea ka tipi tere rātou me te tautoko i te nuinga o ngā tikanga o nāianei me te kore hiahia ki ngā panonitanga nui.

Me pēhea ngā Whanaketanga i te Arataki Rerekē mō te Hiko Mātai

Ko te whakaeke hou o ngā tarike rerehua ka whakamahi i ngā sel lithium ion e kuhu ana i te 350 Wh i ia kg o te kotahi kaha. Ko tēnei whanaketanga hei tikanga e taea ai ēnei waka e 400 maero i runga i tētahi anuanu kotahi mō te tuku rohe. Kua hou ake ngā whanaketanga i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera kia taea ai te 80% anuanu i roto i te itinga 40. Ko te āhua anuanu tere tēnei e muaki ana i te wā e tatari ana ina mahi ana i waenganui i ngā rohe. Ko te mea e nui ana i ēnei whanaketanga ko te ara i whakahaere ai i ngā raru tawhito ki ngā tarike hiko. I mua, ko te roa o te haerenga me te iti ake o te wīra e whakapae ana i te huri mai i te tararenga. Engari inaianei, kei te nuinga ngā tauira hiko e tautohe ana ā-tauā, āhua anō hoki ki ngā rārangi pāmahana marino e nui ake ai te uaua o te whakahaere pāmahana.

Ngā Kaiwhakahaere Waka Rautaki e Tangohia nei ngā Tarike Hiko

He nui ake i te haurua o ngā kamupene rahi horoi huarere e whakamahere ana kia whakauru tō rātou taraka, neke atu i te toru haurua, ki te hiko i te mutunga o tēnei rautau. I kitea e ngā kamupene i mua ngā huringa he iti noa iho te utu, mai i te 18 ki te 22 ōrau, i ngā nama tiaki i ngā inihini taraiwa. Ko ngā ratonga kohikohi taonga me ngā ratonga tuku ā-rohe e mārama ana ki te ara, ka whai hua i ngā pūnaha tāuta kei ngā wāhi tūturu i ngā wā kore mahi, me te whakamahi i ngā pākiwaitara whakarewa e āwhina ana i te roa o te hiko o te pātata. He aha te mea e pai ai te mahi? Ko te hononga tūhono tonu ki ngā pūnaha telematics i te pō, i te rangi, e āwhina ana i te whakarerekenga mōhio i te rahi o te hiko e whakamahia ana i ngā huarahi rerekē, kia kaua e huri hei koretake.

Ko te Auaha a te OEM e Hura Haere ai te Whakaaetanga ā-Tauhokotanga i ngā Taraka Hiko

Kei te whakaputangia e te ao hanga ngā tūtuhi hiko e āhua ana mō te mahi utu, tūturu anō me ngā pūnaha ripanga takotoranga e whakamāmā ai te whakahou i te wā e tū ake ana he aronga hou. Ko ngā karaihe hōu ake kei te maakete he pūnaha uta 800 volt, ā, e rua ngā motuka kei raro i te tuara, e hāngai ana ki te 605 hōiho kaha, e taea ana te tāwhai i ngā mōhinī tarata diesel Class 8. Ko te mea hāpai ake mō ēnei hoahoa hōu ko te huringa ki te whakanui ake i te ora mō ngā kaihīkoi traki mā te whakapai ake i ngā tūnga noho, me te hau hou ake mō te tinana o te waka. Ko tēnei aro nui ki ngā taipitopito e hua ana i te iti ake i te 12 ki te 15 ōrau o te hiko ka mate ki ngā kapi tawhito i tū mai ai i ngā tau.

Te Whakauru i te Hiko Kāinga ki ngā Whāinga Tūmau-a-Kamupene

Ko ngā kamupene e huri ana ki ngā tarike reka pūhiko kei te kitea he itinga 40 ki te 60 ōrau o ngā whakaputanga arataki o ngā kikokiko haumaru, e āwhina ana i a rātou kia eke ki ngā whāinga kua tohua ki te Kī Paniora mō te Āhuarangi. Kei te tīmata te hononga mō te moni a te kaiwhakahaere ki te eke ki ngā whāinga motuka irirangi mā te pēnei i te 8 ki te 10 o ngā kamupene matua i te waenga o te wāhanga waka waka o te Fortune 500. Kei te nuinga o ngā kaupapa here o ngā kamupene ēnei tarika nui hei wāhanga takitahi hei eke ki te kore kihukihuku karboni. Kei te uru anō ngā kāwanatanga ā-īnia kia huritau ai tēnei kaupapa. Hei tauira ko Kalifonia, i tuku tōna Kaupapa Whakakore Mōrearea Matū (HVIP) i te $914 miriona i te tau ki muri mō te whakauru i ngā waka taumaha pūhiko ki ngā huarahi o te īnia.

Ngā Putanga Taiao o ngā Tarike Reka Pūhiko: Te Whakaiti i ngā Whakaputanga me te Whakanui i te Rawa

Ngā Mahi Kore-Whakaputa: Te Whakawhitinga i ngā Putanga Taiao o ngā Tarike Tītere me ngā Tarike Pūhiko

Kua whakakore katoa e ngā kamupene reka hiko ngā whakaputanga paraihe e kitea ana i ngā tauira taraiwa horoheke tūmatanui e pūhara ai ngā oksiri hōuare (NOx) me ngā pārito iti e māmātia ana e te arataki, ā, e māmātia ana e te arataki. I kitea e ngā rangahau tētahi mea hoki heoi - ko ngā kamupene taraiwa horoheke e pū ana i te rahi o te CO2 e 27 ngā wā te nui ake i ngā kamupene hiko ina haere ana ki ngā tāone. Me tiro tātou ki tēnei āhuatanga: mēnā ka whakakapi ngā kamupene i ngā kamupene horoheke 100,000 ki ngā kamupene hiko mā roto i ngā whatunga raraunga rohe, ka taea e tātou te whakakore i te 8.7 miriona tani o ngā kararehe hiko e uru mai ana ki tō tātou atamira ia tau. He nui te painga ki te taiao i konei.

Te Māmātia i ngā Kararehe Hiko ki te Tīkapa i te Tīkapa Rua Rohe mā te Whakamahi i ngā Ope Hiko

Might be eke noa i te 4% o ngā motukā katoa kei ngā huarahi ngā karaihe nui, engari ko rātou anō ngā kaipono mō te toru hauwhā atu o ngā whakaputanga waka. Ina huri ngā kamupene ki ngā tākarotia reka puupae me te utu ia ki ngā punaha pūngao parakore, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mai i te tau 2023 he aha pea, kaite 63% te penihana o rātou arataki karbon ki te inenga ki ngā hinu totoira tikanga. Kua kite kē ētahi kamupene i ngā hua rerekē i te wā i tīmata ai rātou ki te whakamahi i ngā tākarotia hiko mō ō rātou mahi tukuātanga rohe. I whakaatu tētahi kaituku rohe i te wehe i ngā whakaputanga umanga e 40% i muri i te rua tau anake me tētahi tauhokohoko katoa-hiko. He tino mīharo ēnei tau panonitanga ina whakaarohia ana te aha e pa ana ki te ao hakinakina katoa.

Te Rawa Ake o te Raraunga Pūngao o ngā Tākarotia Puupae ki ngā Tauira Tuku Iho

Ko ngā waka inuhi anuanu e huri ana i te 78% o te hiko i te whatunga ki te kaha pū tika ki ngā karu, e toro ake ana ki ngā mōhinī taraiwa tawhito nā te mea ka ngaro e toru haurua o rātou koiora kaukau mōhio noa i te huri kia houhia. Mā te waka reka hiko, me te 37% iti ake pea te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō ia tona e nekehana ana i ngā arataki. Ā, kaua hoki e wareware ngā pakihi whakaputa anuanu e tango anō ai te 20% o te mea kua whakamahia ina hi i te tāpoi haere ngā waka reka i ngā ara tāone. Ko te katoa o ngā mahi e hua mai ana he penihana mō ngā kaitirotiro, kei te tata ki te waru tekau mā tahi miriona dolar tētahi tau mō ngā utu kaukau anuanu anake mō ia waka tuku tuku e mahi ana i ngā huarahi whakamutunga e tukuna ana tētahi tētahi ki ngā kaihoko.

Ngā Tinihanga Hangarau Pūhui e Whakanui Ana i te Mahi me te Whakapono

Lithium-Ion me ngā Mātai Matua Kua Oriori mō ngā Whakamahinga Taumaha

Ko ngā tīwaka hiko karihi anuanu moderni e horoi ana ki te hangarau lithium-ion mō te nekeneke o te hiko (300–500 Wh/L) me te pūmahara roa (2,000+ cikoro). Ko ngā whanaketanga hou e whakauru mai ana i ngā haepapa pūtau kātata me ngā kōwhiringa sodium-ion, e tuku mai ana i te haumātauranga aukati ake me te iti ake te here ki ngā paraihe rare kaore i te nui pērā i te cobalt.

Te whānuitanga i te Raorao me te Momoitenga o ngā Tīwaka Hiko Karihi

Ko ngā whanaketanga hou i te takotoranga o te cathode me te whakaputanga o ngā seli kua whakapakari ake i te raorao o ngā tīwaka hokohoko umanga 40% mai i 2022, ā, kei ētahi tauira e piki ake i te 500 maero i ia uta. Ko ngā rāwekenga NMC hou e tuku ana i ngā momoitenga e piki ake i te 350 Wh/kg, e āwhina ai i ngā tāpoi taumaha ake kia kaua ai te iti iho o te mahi.

Te Utu Maroke e Whakahohea ana e ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Wera Matua

Kua pakaru ngā pūnaha whakahaere wera whakamua i ngā wā o te utu maroke DC kia 45 meneti mō te 80% o te momoitenga—hei 50% ake i ngā inenga mai i 2020. Ko ngā matatini e huri haere ana i te wāhi (phase-change) me ngā paki e whakamaroke ana i te wai e pupuri ana i te wero tika i te wā o te utu tere, e iti ana i ngā raru pūheretia.

He nui ake ngā whānuitanga o ngā pūhiko i ngā hiahia whakamahinga o te ao tūmatanui?

Ahakoa kua eke ngā sel rāranga ki ngā raunga teoritiki 1,000-mīra, ko ngā āhuatanga o te ao tūmatanui pērā i te mahi i te rangi makariri (–20°C) me ngā korenga i ngā arai uta kākahu e here ana i te whakauru mōhio. Heoi anō, i te uiuinga a te ahumahi 2024, i whakaae te 78% o ngā kaitāwhai parata kei te rite ngā whānuitanga pūhiko ki ō rātou kaupapa whakakore karboni mō 2030.

Te Whakawhitinga Wero: Ngā Kowhiringa Arataki, Te Raunga, Me Ngā Wero Uara

Ngā Kowhiringa Arataki Utu Pūhiko i te Whakauru Vehikini Hiko Mārite

Ko te whakauru i ngā kamupene reka kaha ki ā mātou huarahi e hāngai ana ki te whakakī i taua rohe nui 80 ōrau itinga i ngā papa tūhono kaha tikanga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā waka matua, e ai ki te rangahau o te Rangahau Kaha Kaupapa Motuhake a te Motu mai i te tau ki muri. Kei te whiwhi ētahi tāone i ētahi take, engari kei waho i ērā huarahi matua kawe taonga kaore anō he whatunga tūhono tika e tū ana tonu, e here ana i ngā mea katoa i tēnei wā. Ko te pono, me whakapakari ake ngā kamupene umanga me ngā rōpū kāwanatanga i tō rātou mahi ki te whakahou i ngā whatunga hiko. E hiahiatia ana e ēnei kamupene reka inuama kiko i anywhere between 350 ki te 1,000 kilowatts ina tūhono ana i ngā wā tōaitanga, tētahi mea kaore anō tō tātou punaha o nāianei i tino ready mō.

Te Whakatika i te Mate Haere i ngā Kamupene Reka Roa

Ko ngā kamupene pūhiko e huri ana i tēnei wā e taea ai te haere noa i te 250 ki te 300 mīni ka whai anō ai, ahakoa he iti ake tēnei mō ngā haerenga roa atu ki tētahi takiwā ki tētahi. Nō reira kua kitea ngā kaitākaro rahi o te ao e whakarite ana i ēnei pūnaha whakawhiti pū rāwhiti, pēnei i ia 150 mīni i ngā ara tūmatanui matua. Ka iti noa te wā e tāpiri ana tēnei aronga, pēnei i te 70 ōrau iti ake i te wā e takes ana te tere tere mai i te rangahau a Pike i te tau ki muri. A, ka pai ake anō hoki. Kua whai pānga ake ngā taputapu hou rawa atu mō te whakaritenga huarahi, kei te mātau haere. Ka whakamātauia e rātou ko wai te wāhi pai hei takotoranga mō te pū ngākau, e kore anake i ngā tikanga ara o tēnei wā engari anō hoki i te taumaha o te tāpoi me ngā panonitanga o te teitei i ngā wāhi katoa o te ara tūmatanui.

Te Whakatātata i ngā Utu Tīmatanga Teitei me ngā Kaupapa Utu Roa-Roa

He nui ake te utu o ngā tarike hiko pūtau i ngā tauine taraiwa, e $150k ki te $350k tonu te rerekē e kōrero ana ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā tarike. Engari ki te titiro ki te ahunga whānui, ka kitea e te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere he iti ake te utu umanga 45% i muri i te toru tau e kōrero ana a Calstart i te 2024. He aha ai? Ko te utu hiko e 18 mita pea noa te utu i ia maero i te meka ko te taraiwa e 46 mita pea te utu. Anō hoki, he iti ake te mahi tiaki, tirotiro nā te mea kei ngā motuka hiko neke atu i te haurua iti ake ngā wāhanga e nekeneke ana. Me kaua hoki te wareware i ngā moni e hua mai ana i ngā kaupapa tari – ka taea e ngā kamupene te penihana i anywhere from seven thousand to fifteen grand ia tau mā roto i ētahi kaupapa ā-āwanganga me ā-motu. E kōrero ana ngā kaihīko iwi hoki tino nui me pēhea te taumata e tika ai te hoko, e karangahia ana ko te 100,000 maero, ehara i te mea kino rawa nā te mea e eke ana ētahi huarahi ki taua roa i raro iho i te tekau mā waru marama. Kei te timata anō hoki mātou ki te kite i ētahi tauhokohoko hou e puta mai ana e korerotia ana ko ngā kamupene e hokorua ana i ngā pūtau i te wehenga atu i te hoko i te tarike anō, e āki ai te nui o te utu tuatahi.

Ngā Whakataunga Ŏhanga me te Tautoko Kaupapa herehere e Arataki ana i te Whakamahi Āhuatanga Mōrearea Mō Te Kārika Riipene

Te Tau Kawenga Tōtara: Hiko, Tiaki, me ngā Whakataunga a te Kāwanatanga

Ko te huri ki ngā kārika reo hiko e penapena ana mō ngā kaitūhono i te tata ki te 40% i ngā utu hiko, ā, e iti ana i te 30% ngā nama tiaki, e ai ki ngā pūrongo umanga hou mai i 2023. Kei te āwhina hoki ngā kāwanatanga kia neke ai tēnei huringa. Ko te US Inflation Reduction Act e tuku ana i ngā whaiāhua takoha e taea ana te uara ki te $40k mō ia kārika hiko taumaha ka hokona, kei te tāpaetia hoki ngā whakaminenga e ngā whenua o Eropi mēnā kāore ō rātou kārika e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa CO2. Ki ēnei momo whakataunga, e kitea ana e te nuinga o ngā kamupene paraihe rānei kua taea e rātou te hoki i te moni atu i pau mō ngā riipene roa anō i roto i te toru ki te rima tau, ahakoa he aha te utu tuatahi e nui ake ana i ngā tauira taraiwa.

Ngā Tikanga Herehere e Hangai Ana i te Moamoa mō ngā Kārika Hiko

Ko te tekau mā rima o ngā štate o te USA i whakauru i ngā paerewa hōngongoi ake e here ana kia kore ngā tari hōu kua riro i te tau 2035 e whai wāhi ki ngā whakaputanga. I te wā e hono ana i Eropi, ko te kaupapa Fit for 55 o te EU e hono ana i ngā whakapapa whakangahau i te waka ki ngā kaupapa ātea karbona a ngā kamupene. I Kinini, nā rātou ture Phase VI i pēra ai te piki ake o ngā tari hiko i roto i ngā ratonga tuku tākarotia tāone, 52% ake i te tau i mua. Kāore ēnei momo ture mō ngā here taiao anake engari he pēhā hoki te pēhā ki ngā kamupene kia tutuki i ngā paerewa ESG (Taiao, Pāpori, Kaupapa Arataki) e huri haere nei. Hei tauira, kei te noho pakanga ngā kamupene rahi e mahi ana i te tukunga, kei waenganui i ngā utu whakaaetanga me ngā tautohe a ngā kaitiaki, i a rātou e haere ana i tēnei huringa ki ngā mahi parakore.

Te hono i te Wairua Rongonui me ngā Tūāpapa Utu Mō ngā Tari Hiko

Ko ngā kaitūhono matua e whai ana i te uta atu o te rā me te hiko i te pō mai i ngā puna hau, ka penapena ai i ngā putanga o te waka kotahi ki te 78% tērā i ngā tikanga mātātoko hiko. Ko tēnei takotoranga e penapena ana i te 22% o ngā utu hiko, i te whakatinga i ngā here mo te "uta ma" i ngā tīwhiketanga hiko hou e wātea mai ana i ngā rāwekenga.

Ngā Pātai Hui (FAQs) mō ngā Waka Tuku Kaha

He aha te take e huri ana ngā kamupene horoi ki ngā waka tuku kaha?

E huri ana ētahi kamupene horoi ki ngā waka tuku kaha kia kore ai ngā putanga, kia arataki ai ki ngā tikanga taiao ake. E tuku ana ngā waka kaha i ētahi whai hua nui pēra i te itinga o ngā utu koroheke me te tiaki, ā, he mea nui hoki ki te eke ki ngā whāinga tuauri o te kamupene.

He aha ngā wero e āraitia ana e ngā kaitūhono waka i te whakauru i ngā waka hiko?

Kei te āta torotoro ngā kaitūhono o ngā rōpū inu tāpoi, pērā i te whakawhanaketanga iti ake o ngā aronga tāpoi, ngā here o te roa mō ngā haerenga roa, me ngā utu tikanga matua maunga ake i te tāpoi nui ake i ngā taraka taraiwa. Engari, kei te whakapai ake ngā whakapai ake i ngā hangarau pūhiko, ngā āki o te kāwanatanga, me ngā tauākī pakihi hou e whakatika ana i ēnei here.

Me pēhea e te taraka pūhiko e āwhina ai ki te heke i ngā whakaputanga?

Ka wehe ngā taraka pūhiko i ngā whakaputanga parirau, ā, ka heke hoki i te CO2 maha ake i ngā tauira taraiwa. Hei mea matua ki te heke i ngā whakaputanga waka, e heke ana ēnei mai i ngā taraka rahi, ahakoa ko rātou anō te hautau iti ake o ngā tauira waka katoa.

He aha te tūranga a te whanaketanga hou ki te huri ki ngā taraka hiko?

Ko te auahinga he wāhi matua nui mō ngā whakapai ake i te hangarau pūhiko, pērā i ngā pūnaha tere ake te uta, te piki ake o te roa mā te whakapai ake i ngā hoahoa kaitiaki, me te whakapai ake i te rerekētanga mā ngā pūnaha tiriti. Ēnei auahinga e whakawhanake ana i te whakamahi whānui ake ahakoa ngā wero whakahaere.

Me pēhea e hāngai ai ngā karaihe pūhiko ki ngā whāinga pūmau-a-ture o te kamupene?

Ko te huri ki ngā karaihe inuhi e āwhina ana i ngā kamupene kia iti rawa ai ngā huakita kikokiko parakirihana, āwhina i ngā whāinga pūmautanga e tohua ana e ngā kirimete iraotahi pērā i te kirimete ā-Parihi mō te ao. Kei te hono aha haere ngā kamupene ki te utu ake i ngā kaiwhakahaere kia eke ki ēnei whāinga pūmautanga anō.