Nga Waka Tāneka Tāpokai: Te Whakahaere Tōwai Tika mō te Kargo Tataki

Te Kaipūtaiao me te Whanake o te Tāpokai i ngā Waka Tāneka

Me pēhea te Whakapai ake i te Tikanga Tāpokai e Whakakaha ai i te Whakahaere Tōwai Koretake i te Wā Tōkina

Ko ngā waka-tīki me te whakawātea pai e pupuri ana i te utanga ki te pāmahana tika, kāore e hiahiatia te pūngao o te pouaka whakawera. He maha ngā paparanga o te rauemi whakawātea i ēnei waka e aukati ana i te wera kia uru mai, kia puta mai rānei. Tangohia ngā tuku rongoā hei tauira, he maha ngā wā e hiahia ana kia noho ki te 2 ki te 8 nekehanga Celsius. Mā te whakawātea noa iho, kua roa ake ētahi kaipuke i te toru rā, kāore he whakawera. I kitea e tētahi rangahau tata nei e titiro ana ki te rārangi makariri, ka whakaitihia e ēnei taraka whakaitihia te whakamahinga pūngao i tētahi wāhi tata ki te 30% i whakaritea ki ngā wae makariri noa. Ko te hanga o ēnei taraka he wāhi i waenganui i ngā paparanga whakawātea me ngā rauemi motuhake e ārai ana i te makuku. Mā tēnei e ārai ai i ngā wāhi whakawhiti wera kāore e hiahiatia ana, kia mau tonu ai te utanga ahakoa ka piki, ka heke te pāmahana o waho i te rā katoa.

Ngā rauemi matua: Ngā mea hanga-a-papa, ngā arai whakaata, me ngā papa-a-roto

E toru ngā rauemi matua e whakawhirinaki ana ngā waka waka pūhiko hou:

• Kōpiko pōriuretāna kauta-kauta : Whakaritea te whiti pakari me te uara R 6.5 ia āpiti, e herea ana i te whakawhitinga o te wera.
• Ngā kiriata whakapirau mōwea : Whakapiraua te 97% o te wera ahi kua whakarahua ki te 1–2 mm tawhiti.
• Ngā pānewa whakamau wera (VIPs) : E wātea ana te whakawhitinga wera i raro i te 0.004 W/m·K, e iti ake i te hua tāpapa rerekētia e 10x.

Ko ngā matū katoa e mahi tōtō ana ki te waihanga i ngā pōhara wera e 2.3x te roa ake i ngā hoahoa whakamau tawhito, he mea matua mō ngā taraiwa kimikimi, kai rānei.

Te Tirohanga Hōu: 50% Te Itinga i te Whakawhitinga Wera Me Ngā Pūnaha Pānewa

Ko ngā panekare tāpapa (VIPs) kei te whakarereke i te pikinga o ngā waka tāpoi inu hau. Kua timata ngā kaihanga ki te whakamahi i ngā kōpae aerogel tahi ana me ngā aukati hōu hāngai inox, e whakaiti ai i te nekehanga o te wera ki te tata ki te taupua ki te tātanga i ahu mai i te tau 2020. Ko ngā whakamātau a-tinana e whakaatu ana kei te wāhi e tū ai ēnei panekare hou i ngā wai i te tōaitanga (-20 grade Celsius) mo te toru rā tata nei tāwhio noa mai i te wāhi e 35 grade te wera ki ngā tikanga oneone, ko te nuinga o te 40% pai ake i mua. E ai ki ngā rangahau a te kāwanatanga i te US Department of Energy, ki te tīmata ngā kamupene ki te whakauru i tēnei hangarau ki te pāpā, ka taea pea te kite i te 8.7 miriona tōna iti ake o te karbona dioksīti e whakaputua ana ia tau mai i te iti ake o te hiahia ki te mahi ake i ngā pūnaha whakau. Ko te whakapai ake i te panekare he mea nui kia kaha ake te kaha ki te whakakaha i te tukatuka tukatuka.

Ngā Waka Tāpoi Panekare ki ngā Whakahaerenga Tukatuka Makariri

Te whakauru i ngā huinga rongoā me ngā huinga biopharma ki te whakauru hauora

Ngā taraka tanki me te whakauru ka tiakina ai ngā wāhi e 2 ki te 8 kaiwātā Celsius i te 98% o ō rātou huarahi i ngā tōwai me ngā ara tere. Ko tēnei momo whakahaere wātā he mea nui ina neke atu ana i ngā mea pērā i ngā rongoā mRNA me ētahi atu rongoā koiora. Ko te hanganga whakauru hou ka tāpirihia he maha ngā takotoranga tae atu ki te pōro polyurethane ki roto me te hōke vapor barriers hiriwa ki runga. I ngā tāwhai a ngā wā kaitiaki tūmatanui i whakaatu mai i ēnei rāngai ka taea anake e ngā rārangi wātā te rerekētanga o te wātā ki te iti ake i te haurua kia tētahi teka ia teka e ai ki te ako 2024 Material Science Review. Ko te whakauru i ngā tātai wātā tino whakaaetia e herea ai te pānga ki te here o ngā pūtini i ngā hua antibodies monoclonal e mōhiotia ai kaore i te hoki mai i te wātā e 15 kaiwātā Celsius.

Te whai whakaaro ki ngā tikanga o te FDA, GDP, me ngā tikanga wātā o te ao

Kei te whakaaetia e te FDA 2021 ngā here e whai māwhānui ana i te wā tonu i ngā whakaritenga ±3°C. Ko ngā waka inu inu e 92% te whakaaetanga i te whai māwhānui i te 68% mō ngā kaihanga tawhito i ngā tārore arotake rongoā i roto i ngā 120 tuku tākarotia. Ko ngā punaha takitahi e tutuki ana i ngā here o EU Good Distribution Practice (GDP) Clauses 9 ki te whakauru i ngā tuhinga arotake kaua ko ngā kaituhi raraangi e herea ana e te hiko.

Tuhinga o te whakamātau: Te aukati i ngā whetū o te wera i ngā aronga tukutuku biopharma

Ko tētahi o ngā kamupene rongoā rahi rawa atu i te ao i whakaiti i ngā raru o te tōtōpū huarākau i te tata ki te haurua i te wā i rere atu rātou ki ēnei waka tāpoi ā-hau mō te wāpahi i ngā rongoā kākāhu ki ngā tāone ki te tāmaki. I tūhono ngā waka kia 2 ki te 8 kai Hōnui Kelvin mo te neke atu i te 53 haora tonu mai i te rāhiri o te tau 2023 ki te South West US, ahakoa kua eke te wāhanga waho ki te 49 kai Hōnui Kelvin. Whakaritea tēnei ki ngā wāhanga whakaukune noa i te whai raru i runga i te 18% o ngā hikoi ōrite e āki ana ngā kainaki ki te tōtōpū huarākau i āki ai i ngā rautaki o te wā. Me kaua e wareware te āhua moni hoki - e tiaki ana i te $2.1 miriona tētahi tau e whakaatu ana i te kaha ake o te tiaki mōmona kāore i te tiaki mā te kawe i ngā hua mātāpuna nui ake i ngā pūnaha e whakamahi ai i ngā kōpiko i ia wā e whai raru ana te āhua o te ao.

Te Rerekētanga o te Mahi Tōtōpū Huarākau me te Kōwae o ngā Waka Tāpoi Ā-Hau

ko te 67% te panoni ake i te kaha o te tīwhana makariri: Te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia mō ngā rongoā whakaimunihia me ngā mea e ngaro ana

Ko te aratohu tīwhana makariri ki te ao katoa kua tipu ake i te 67% mai i te tau 2020, kei te nuinga o te wā mō te nui ake o te whakamahinga ki te neke i ngā rongoā me te whakapūmau i te haumaru o tātou kai. Kei te tō mai ēnei waka tāpoi tōtika i te tata ki te 84 miriona tōne o ngā mea e hiahiatia ana i ia tau kia noho ki te tāwherenga tūtohu. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o taua wāhi e noho ana mō ngā rongoā whakaimunihia ā, ko te tata ki te 28% pea mēnā ka tūhono ki ngā ripoata o te tau 2025. Ko te katoa o te kaha ki te tīwhana makariri e hāngai ana ki te whakapono i te nui o te whakamahinga ki te whakapūmau i te mahi ake o ngā rongoā i ā rātou eke ki te mano tāroa. Me kaua e wareware ngā moni nui hoki. Ko te United Nations e whakatakotoria ana ko te $35 piriona te rahinga moni e ngaro ana ia tau i te kai e ngaro ana i te wā o te neke. Nō reira kāore he mātātika anake te whakamahi i te makariri, he whakapau moni hoki.

Ko ngā tāone e tipu mai ana e whakahaere ana i te 40% te neke ake o te hiahia ki te neke i ngā waka makariri

Kei te tere ake te whakamahi i ngā kaipere huarahi ki ngā maakete o te Asia-Pacific i ētahi atu wāhi, he 40% tere ake hoki tērā i ā mātou whakataurite ki ngā whenua kua whanake. Kei te aru tātou ki tēnei aronga nui nei i te mea kei te tipu haere ngā tāone i te tere, ā, kei te nui haere hoki te classi waenganui. E ai ki ngā tāpiritanga mai i Te Whakahaerenga Hauora o te Ao, kei te pāpaku kē pea te toru tekau mā whā o ngā rongoā aukati mate, i āwhina ai i te wā e neke ana ki ngā whenua iti ake. Kei te nuinga o te wā ka pakaru mai tēnei i ngā raru hua-hanga. Ahakoa tēnā, kei te āhua tāwhai haere te whakapai ake i ēnei kaipere motuhake e whakamahia ana i ngā wā kua mutu te tuku, arā ko ngā wā kei te pakaru pea.

Me pēhea e kapi ngā āpiti ngā kaipere whakamāmā i te kore e wātea ana i ngā kaipere huarahi

Ina pakaru ngā pūnaha whakakaha tūmatanui i ngā wā kāore he hiko, i ngā wāhi hoki e rereke ana ki te eke, kātahi ka taea e ngā waka tāpoi tōtōtia e whakauru ai te wāhi e toru rā atu anō ai te wāhi e tū ana te wera, kāore he hiahia ki tētahi atu punaha hiko. Kei te pai rawa te mātātika o te hangarau ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakapā atu i ngā rongoā ki ngā wāhi tāpui e 14 miriona ki te whenua kāore he tāhuhu ake i te wera. Kei te taha atu anō hoki tētahi atu painga e mōhiotia ana hoki i konei ko ngā tāpoi hoki. Ko ngā whakamātau mai i te tau 2025 e whakaatu ana ka pakaruia e ngā waka tāpoi tēhea pea te 37% iti ake i ngā waka whakakaha tūmatanui, nā te mea he whai hua anō hoki te waihanga i te taiao hoki mō te neke tōtōtia i ngā tāonga rongoā e herea ana.

Te Ukaipo me te Whaiaro o ngā Waka Tāpoi Tōtōtia

Tautohu Tuhinga: Ngā Waka Tōtōtia vs. Ngā Waka Whakakaha Tūmatanui

E ai ki tētahi whirangi rangahau utu tukutuku hou i te tau 2023, kei te whakamahi ngā waka tūī huihuinga i te 45% iti ake te hiko i ngā waka whakau whakauru noa i te wā e 10 tau katoa. Ka tū, kei te nui ake ngā utu o ēnei tauira tūī i te 20 ki te 30% i te tīmatanga, engari kāore he hiahia kia whakahaerehia ngā kōpiko pōhara katoa. Ko te tikanga ko te iti ake i te whara i ngā wāhanga, e whakaora ana i ngā kamupene i te $18,000 i ia tau mō ngā tika me ngā whakakapi. He pērā anō hoki te wera ki ngā wāhanga whakauru whakauru. Me whakahaere kia toru ngā wera kaha kia noho ai te makariri ki te -18 tākarotia Celsius i ngā wāhi hau parurenga, ā, ko te manawa pākihi tēnei e pā atu ana ki te tere o te whara.

Te Muramura i te Hiko me te Tiaki Mā te Ngā Kaituku Hiko Kaitiaki

Ko ngā punaha panela hou anō ko te aerogel kei roto i ngā kauta hui tahi me ngā here kātata kua whakakaha ai i ngā wā pāmahana tūturu ki te 72 haora ina kāore he huarahi whakakaha i te hinu. E ai ki ngā rangahau i tāpiritia ki te Composite Materials Study i te tau e pā ana, he tino whakaiti i te whakamahinga hinu i te 30% i ngā wā kaimahi tūhono nā te iti ake i te mahi e hiahiatia ana e ngā hinu kia noho ai te makariri. Ki te tiro i ngā keehu a ētahi kamupene rongoā i ā rātou hui i ngā wā tapenu, kua kitea e mātou ko ēnei hua composite hou kua whakarereke i te āhua. Kua roa ake ngā wā kaimahi ki te 400 haora, arā he iti ake ngā tāpawhitinga me ngā tika e hiahiatia ana. Ā, ki te āhua moni anō hoki, he whakamāmātanga hoki tēnei i te nuinga o ngā pakihi i ripo kia iti ake te $142 i ia waka nā te iti ake o ngā wā kāore i te mahi.

ROI Roa-Term: Te Nui Ake o te Utu Tīmatanga, Te Iti Ake o ngā Utu Whakahaere

Ko ngā waka tuinga tūturu e eke ana ki te tātata ki te tata ki te toru tau, tāpiri atu rā anō ētahi marama e whā ana i ngā āhua whakamahi. I muri i te waru tau katoa e haere ana i ngā ara, kei te noho tonu mai ngā tauira nei e rua tera o te uara tuatahi ki te tata ki te haurua mō ngā waka reefer arataki. I whakapāhunu ngā kaiwhakahaere waka i ngā whakakaha e toru tekau mā rima huinga i ngā utu whānui e here ana i te rautau tuatahi. Ko ngā take matua? Ko te iti ake o ngā rere o te makuku e whakaiti ai i ngā hiahia whakatika i te tata ki te whā roa, anō ko te kore e hiahiatia ana i ēnei whakapai ake i te kaha o te kōpiko e taea hoki te utu ki te $28,000 ki ia waka. Mō ngā kamupene e whakahaere ana i ngā whakaratonga eke tūpono, ko tēnei momo hokinga ake i te moni e hui tātou ana i te tere ina titiro atu ana ki ngā whakakaha i te katoa o ngā rere ki ia rā.

Te Ora o te Neke Tōaitanga: Ngā Whakaeke Tūturu ki ngā Whakaeke Tawhito

He aha i neke ai ngā umanga ki ngā Whakaeke Tūturu Waka Tuinga

Kei te māmā atu haere ngā kamupene ki te whakamahi i ngā kaipātī tōtō (insulated tankers) kaua ko ngā kaipātī rererangi (reefers) noho tūturu, nā te mea e āwhina ana ngā kamupene hou kia tū tonu te wāhi ki te tika rawa te āwhata, kāore hoki i te hiahiatia ngā pūnaha whakakōingo e whakahaere tonu ana. Ki ngā tauwhāinga hōtaka mai i ngā rangahau arataki i te tau 2024, kua kitea e tātou i ēnei wāhanga tōtō he whakakaha i te toru hui (two thirds) ake te iti ake i te whakamahinga o te hiko ina whakaritea ki ēnei kaipātī rererangi ūkaipā (diesel reefers) tawhito. A, i te rautau e rima, he iti ake tonu te utu whakahaere, he 58% tāpiri. Kei te nuinga o te wā he moni anō te take. Kei te utua kē ngā kamupene arataki waenganui i ngā whiringa rererangi ake nā te mea ko te huinga rererangi kotahi te utu tīmatanga e $210k tāpiri noa. Anō hoki, he uaua te whakahaere i ēnei kaipātī. Ko te āhua nei, he maha ngā kamupene, he 72% pea rānei, e huri haere ana ki ngā whakaeke tōtō (passive thermal solutions) kia neke i ngā taonga pāpaku pērā i ngā rongoā me ngā huarākau kaihau ki te tawhio i te motu.

Whakatauritanga Mahi: Whakamahinga Pūngao, Whakapono, me te Whakarahinga

Kei te tino pai ake ngā kaipuke whakamāmā i ngā kaipuke rereri i ngā waahanga e toru nei:

• Te Whakamahi i te pūngao : 0.9 kWh/ton-mīhini tēnei, ina whakaritea ki te 2.4 kWh/ton-mīhini mō ngā kaipuke rereri hiko
• Te ōrite o te wāhi wera : ±0.3°C te rerekētanga i te eke 48 haora
• Te kaha o te kawe : 12–15% te rahi ake o te rōhi kua whakakorea ngā kōtaha rereri

I whakaatu tētahi rangahau arataki māmā i te tau 2023 kua tiakina ngā wākai ki te kawe i te wākai aukati mate urutā i te wā o ngā tāwhai hiko 72 haora, kua eke ki te 100% te whai whakaaro ki ngā tohutohu whakaputu WHO.

Te Āhua o te Tāone: Te Whakauru i te Auaha, ngā Tikanga, me ngā Ukaipōtanga Āhuarangi

Kei te kawinga tere tonu te maakete tuku tōtō, kei te kō growth i te 14.2% ia tau kia tae ki te tau 2030 rānei, engari kei te nui tonu ngā whakawhitinga here here. I whakaatu tētahi pūrongo mai i te Global Cold Chain Alliance ko te haurua (neke atu i te 42%) o ngā kaiwhakahaere tāpoi kei te uaua ki te pupuri i ngā wāhi pakaru pakaru ina tuku kātia hua ki ngā taiao pīroiroi pērā i ngā rāpua rānei, ngā rohe arktika rānei. Ko ngā momo hou o ngā taputapu whakaputua, tae atu ki ērā i hangaia i ngā kaiwhakauru panoni wā, kei te āta whakaatu i ngā whakapai ake i runga i ngā whakamātau ā-papa kei te whakauru i ā rātou mahi tūturu i ngā tauwāhi mai i te minus 40 degrees Celsius kia tae ki te 50 degrees Celsius. Heoi anō, kei te muri tonu ngā tōpua here here i ngā whakapai ake hangarau mai i te mea ko ngā whakaritenga e rua tuatoru o ngā whenua o te ao kāore anō kia whakatu i ngā tikanga tātai mō te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha whakaputua kua whakamahia i roto i ngā tāpoi tuku rongoā o te ao.

Wāhanga FAQ

He aha ngā momo taputapu whakaputua e whakamahia ana i ngā taruku taraka?

Ko ngā taraka taraka kātata hou e whakamahi ana i te pāpaku pāpaku poliuretāna, ngā kiriata whakapiripiri maha-ara, me ngā paparanga kātata hau parakore.

Me pēhea e āwhina ai ngā taraka taraka kātata ki te penapena kora?

E whakamahi ana ēnei taraka i ngā pūnaha kātata koretake e heke i te whakamahinga kora mā te whakaiti i te hiahia ki ngā pūnaha whakakaha whakakaha, e aru ai ki te heke i te mahi a te mōhinu.

He aha i rite ai ngā taraka kātata i runga i ngā taraka kōrera tūmatanui?

Ko ngā taraka kātata e tino pai ana nā te mea e whakarato ana i te arotake tika ake i te āhu, te whai rawa kaha ake, me te iti ake ngā utu whakahaere i te nuinga o ngā taraka kōrera tūmatanui.

E hia te roa e tūturu ai ngā taraka kātata i ngā āhu tāwhai kaua ko te whakakaha ake?

Ka taea e ngā taraka kātata te pupuri i te kai ki ngā āhu haumaru mo te toru rā atu anō rā kaore he hiahia ki ngā pūnaha whakakaha ake.